0304>G=K9 <8@ =B0@:B84K

=B0@:B840 AB0;0 ?>A;54=8< :>=B8=5=B><, =0 :>B>@K9 ABC?8;0 =>30 G5;>25:0. >;3>5 2@520B5;8 AG8B0;8, GB> MB> ?@0:B8G5A:8 157687=5==K9 <0B5@8:. 8HL =0 15@53C >:50=0 >=8 2AB@5G0;8 :>;>=88 4>1@>4CH=KE ?8=328=>2, C4828B5;L=> =0?><8=02H8E A2>8<8 ?>204:0<8 ;N459. C>2A5< =5402=> 52@>?59A:8< CG5=K< C40;>AL >1=0@C68BL @O4>< A =8<8 F5;K9 «70B5@O==K9 <8@», A:@KBK9 3;C1>:> ?>4 2>4>9.

#G0AB=8:8 @8B0=A:>9 3;C1>:>2>4=>9 M:A?548F88 2 2002 2005 33. B@8 @070 ?;020;8 2 ABC45=K5 0=B0@:B8G5A:85 2>4K 4;O 87CG5=8O 8E D;>@K 8 D0C=K. =8 A>18@0;8 ?@>1K A >3@><=KE 3;C18= 4> 6 BKA. <5B@>2. >;CG5==K5 @57C;LB0BK ?>@078;8 A0<8E 8AA;54>20B5;59. :07K205BAO, «B0<, ?>4 >:50=><ý»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ature.

> >:070;>AL, GB> :>=B8=5=B 70A5;5= 5IQ 8 AB@0==K<8 8 A<5@B5;L=> >?0A=K<8 ACI5AB20<8, 2AB@5G0 A :>B>@K<8 ?@82>48B : =5<8=C5<>9 3815;8.

081>;55 8725AB=K<8 87 =8E O2;ONBAO B0: =07K205<>702@K - ACI5AB20, :>B>@K5 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 A3CAB:8 ?;07<8 A =8<8 AB>;:=C;8AL CG0AB=8:8 A>25BA:>9 M:A?548F88, ?@>182H85AO 2 1959 3>4C : .6=><03=8B=>;NAC.

5@5E>4 4> ?>;NA0, ?> A;>20< CG0AB=8:0 M:A?548F88 .@8O >@HC=>20, ?@>H5; "A;8H:>< E>@>H>". 5?@8OB=>AB8 =0G0;8AL 4;O M:A?548F88 =0 A;54CNI55 CB@>. 5B@0E 2 B@5EAB0E >B 25745E>40 =58725AB=> >B:C40 ?>O28;AO 8 AB0; ?>4?@K3820BL, 1C4B> DCB1>;L=K9 H;> =5A:>;L:> <8=CB, 8 H0@, A;>2=> 70<5B82 ?>;O@=8:>2, <54;5==> ?>:0B8;AO : =8<, ?@52@0I0OAL 2 :0:>5-B> ?>4>185 :>;10AK.

$>B>3@0D M:A?548F88 ;5:A0=4@ >@>45F:89 A D>B>0??0@0B>< 2 @C:0E ?>H5; 2?5@54. 24@C3 «:>;10A0» 2KBO=C;0AL C7:>9 ;5=B>9, 8 2>:@C3 >@>45F:>3> 2>7=8: A25BOI89AO =8<1. = AB@0H=> 70:@8G0;. 0740;8AL 420 2KAB@5;0. !B@5;O;8 AB0@H89 3@C??K =4@59 !:>15;52 8 2@0G M:A?548F88 ><0= CAB>2. !25BOI0OAO ;5=B0 2A?CE;0, 2> 2A5 AB>@>=K 1@K7=C;8 8A:@K, 8 >=0, 27>@202H8AL, 8AG57;0. ">20@8I8 1@>A8;8AL : ;5:A0=4@C - >= 1K; <5@B2. 0BK;>:, ;04>=8 8 A?8=0 C =53> >1C3;8;8AL.

!25BOI85AO H0@K ?>O28;8AL 5I5 @07 G5@57 42>5 ACB>:. =8 2>7=8:;8 =5>6840==> =0 2KA>B5 >:>;> A>B=8 <5B@>2, 70B5< <54;5==> >?CAB8;8AL 8 =0G0;8 42830BLAO ?> :0:8<-B> A;>6=K< B@05:B>@8O<, ?@81;860OAL : ;N4O<. 2>5 87 CG0AB=8:>2 M:A?548F88 - CAB>2 8 >@8A>2 - =0G0;8 ?0;8BL 87 :0@018=>2... >340 ?0B@>=K 2 >1>9<0E 70:>=G8;8AL, H0@>2 C65 =5 1K;>, 0 2 2>74CE5 AB>O; 70?0E >7>=0, 1C4B> ?>A;5 A8;L=>9 3@>7K. CAB>2 8 >@8A>2 ;560;8 =0 A=53C <5@B2K5, 0 =0G0;L=8: >B@O40 =4@59 !:>15;52 AB>O;, ?@8602 ;04>=8 : 3;070<: >= =8G53> =5 ?><=8; 8 =8G53> =5 2845;...

"@038G5A:0O 2AB@5G0 A>25BA:8E CG5=KE A ?;07<>702@0<8 1K;0 ?5@2>9, => =5 ?>A;54=59. E 1K;> 5I5 =5A:>;L:>.

?>A;54=59 65@B2>9 ?;07<5==KE ACI5AB2 AB0; CG0AB=8: D@0=FC7A:>9 M:A?548F88 1991 3>40 0: 0;0=A. 540;5:> >B .6=>3> <03=8B=>3> ?>;NA0 D@0=FC7K CAB@>8;8 >G5@54=>9 «1820:». 4@C3 87-70 A=56=>3> E>;<0 2K?>@E=C; >3@><=K9 3>;C1>20BK9 H0@. ?5@0B>@ M:A?548F88 0: 0;0=A AE20B8; 2845>:0<5@C 8 ?>A?5H8; =02AB@5GC H0@C, B>@>?OAL ?>;CG8BL A5=A0F8>==K5 :04@K >3=5==>3> GC4>28I0. 0;LH5 2A5 ?@>87>H;> ?>GB8 B0: 65, :0: A A>25BA:8< D>B>3@0D>< >@>45F:8<. (0@, @07<5@>< A =51>;LH>9 3@C7>28:, =0G0; <5=OBL D>@4>;3>20B>5 7<55284=>5 ACI5AB2> A >3@><=>9 1573;07>9 «<>@4>9» 8 2>@>=:>>1@07=>9 «?0ABLN». 0: 702>@>65==K9, 0: 0;0=A 428=C;AO 2?5@54. !CI5AB2> A 6CB:8< H8?5=85< 24@C3 ?>4=O;>AL 225@E 8 A?8:8@>20;> =0 G5;>25:0, =0 <3=>25=85 ?@8:>A=C2H8AL : =5;L:> A5:C=4 GC4>28I5, A=>20 ?@8=O2 D>@ 2 =51> 8 @0AB2>@8;>AL 2 2>74CE5. 0 A=53C 65 4K<8;>AL ?>G5@=52H55 B5;> >?5@0B>@0...

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

1;8: >3@><=KE A25BOI8EAO 7<55284=KE ACI5AB2 A 1573;07>9 <>@4>9 8 2>@>=:>>1@07=>9 ?0ABLN =02>48B C60A. > 5ABL =0 54>2>< :>=B8=5=B5 8 1>;55 >?0A=K5 ACI5AB20. =8 <0;5=L:85, ?>MB>:0 ?>?040;8AL =0 3;070 CG5=K<. > 8<5==> 87-70 A2>53> @07<5@0 >=8, ?>60;C9, <>3CB ?@54AB02;OBL 1>;LHCN >?0A=>ABL, G5< ?;07<>702@K. "5< 1>;55 GB> ?>A;54=85 «?@82O70=K» : <03=8B=>;NAC, 0 >?0A=K5 <0;KH8 - =5B.

1=0@C68;0 <0;KH59 >@=8B>;>3 -?@09; 0FF> =0 15@53C <>@O >AA0. 0 55 3;070E AB0O ?8=328=>2 A 8A?C30==K<8 :@8:0<8 =5>6840==> 1@>A8;0AL A?0A0BLAO 2 <>@5. 0 15@53C >AB0;0AL B>;L:> >4=0 15A?><>I=> 1LNI0OAO ?B8F0. 5=I8=0 AB0;0 >3;O4K20BLAO 2 ?>8A:0E AB@0H=>3> E8I=8:0, B0: A8;L=> =0?C302H53> ?8=328=>2, => =8G53> >?0A=>3> =5 70<5B8;0. ">340 >=0 >AB>@>6=> ?@81;878;0AL : ?B8F5, ?>G5 >AB02H59AO =0 15@53C. >4 ?8=328=>< >:070;0AL 1KAB@> C25;8G8202H0OAO 2 @07<5@0E ;C68F0 2>4K. -B>3> =5 <>3;> 1KBL! 4=0:> 1K;> - ?B8F0 18;0AL 2 ;C68F5, ?>4=8<0O 1@K738 8 >BG0O==> :@8G0. BCB 2>:@C3 10@0EB0NI53>AO ?8=328=0 AB0; ?>4=8<0BLAO ?0@!

0FF> ?>4>H;0 : ?>3@C602H59AO 2 2>4C ?B8F5 1;865 8 C2845;0 872820NI8EAO G5@25>1@07=KE ACI5AB2, A28A02H8E A 682>B0 ?8=328=0. =8 ?>68@0;8 682L5< =5AG0AB=CN ?B8FC. 064>5 87 =8E 8<5;> 4;8=C 15-20 A0=B8<5B@>2 8 >3@><=CN ?0ABL, CA5O==CN 7C10<8.

I5 =5A:>;L:> @07 2AB@5G0;0 -?@09; 0FF> ><5@78B5;L=KE G5@25>1@07=KE ACI5AB2 A :@0A=K<8 3>;>20<8, :>B>@KE =0720;0 «>3=53>;>2K<8 ?8@0=LO<8».

!5@0D8< (8H:8=, ?5@2K9 87 @>AA89A:8E 8AA;54>20B5;59 =5?>7=0==>3>, 708=B5@5A>202H89AO «>3=53>;>2K<8 ?8@0=LO<8», AG8B05B, GB>«87-70 =5>1K:=>25==> 1KAB@>3> ?@>B5:0=8O >:8A;8B5;L=KE ?@>F5AA>2 B5 AB8305B, 25@>OB=>, 3@04CA>2 60, 0 B> 8 1>;55. 71KB>G=>5 B5?;> 2KE>48B =0@C6C G5@57 ;>1>2CN G0ABL 3>;>2K, :>B>@0O 4065 A25B8BAO O@:>-:@0A=K< F25B>< 2A;54AB285 A>A@54>B>G5=8O 2 =59 >3@><=>3> :>;8G5AB20 :@>25=>A=KE A>AC4>2. 0 AG5B 2K45;O5<>3> 8<8 B5?;0 «>3=5==K5 ?8@0=L8» ;53:> @0AB0?;820NB E>4K 8 B>==5;8 2> ;L4C».

C10ABK5 G5@2O:8 1;03>40@O A2>59 «>3=5==>9» B5 ?>4:@04K20BLAO ?>4 ?>25@E=>ABLN ;L40 : AB0O< ?8=328=>2. 54;5==> ?5@542830NI85AO ?B8FK AB0=>2OBAO 8E ;53:>9 4>1KG59. (8H:8= AG8B05B, GB> =5 B>;L:> =0 ?8=328=>2 >E>BOBAO «>3=53>;>2K5 ?8@0=L8». >;O@=K5 8AA;54>20B5;8, ?>@>9 B08=AB25==> 8AG5702H85 21;878 15@53>2>9 ;8=88, AC4O ?> 2A5<>3;8 AB0BL 8E 65@B20<8.

B5< =5 <5=55 =5 7<55284=K5 1573;07K5 A 2>@>=:>>1@07=>9 ?0ABLN «?;07<>702@K» 8 =5 C4828B5;L=> ?>E>685 =0 =8E G5@25>1@07=K5 7C10ABK5 «>3=53>;>2K5 ?8@0=L8» O2;ONBAO A0?0A=K<8 ACI5AB20<8 =B0@:B84K.

1999 3>4C ?@>87>H;> >4=> 7=0<5=0B5;L=>5 A>1KB85, =0 :>B>@>5 6C@=0;8ABK 8 8AA;54>20B5;8 =5?>7=0==>3> =5 >1@0B8;8 2=8<0=8O. <5@8:0=A:0O =0CG=>-8AA;54>20B5;LA:0O M:A?548F8O >1=0@C68;0 2> ;L4C =B0@:B84K 28@CA, : :>B>@><B=KE. <5==> MB8 2848;L:> 2 <>I=59H85 <8:@>A:>?K ACI5AB20 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 A07=CN >?0A=>ABL 54O=>3> :>=B8=5=B0.

!59G0A >=8 =0E>4OBAO 2 70<>@>65==>< A>AB>O=88 8 =8:0:>9 C3@>7K =5 ?@54AB02;ONB. GB> 1C45B, 5A;8 3;>10;L=>5 ?>B5?;5=85, :>B>@>5 ?@>@>G0B =5:>B>@K5 CG5=K5, @0AB>?8B ;L4K =B0@:B84K? ">340 =58725AB=0O 70@070 A<>65B 4>1@0BLAO 8 4> ;N459, 8 4> 682>B=KE.

@>D5AA>@ ">< !B0@<5@N 87 LN->@:A:>3> C=825@A8B5B0 B0: >F5=8205B 1C4CI55:

«K =5 7=05<, A G5< G5;>25G5AB2> AB>;:=5BAO =0 .6=>< ?>;NA5 2 1;8609H55 2@510;L=K< ?>B5?;5=85<. >7<>6=>, =0G=5BAO =51K20;0O M?845<8O. 0I8I5==K5 ?@>B58=>2>9 >1>;>G:>9 28@CAK, 2 25G=>9 <5@7;>B5 A>E@0=82 A2>N 687=5A?>A>1=>ABL, AB0=CB @07<=>60BLAO A@07C, :0: B>;L:> ?>2KA8BAO B5 :@C60NI59 A@54K».

«B> ?@54C?@5645= - B>B 2>>@C65=». <5@8:0=A:85 CG5=K5 E>@>H> 7=0NB ;0B8=A:85 ?>A;>28FK, ?>MB>=8 >G5=L A5@L57=> >B=5A;8AL : «28@CA=>9» =0E>4:5 2 =B0@:B845. !?5F80;L=0O M:A?548F8O, =0?@02;5==0O =0 54>2K9 :>=B8=5=B, >B18@05B ?@>1K ;L40. 7CG82 A>E@0=82H85AO 2 =5< 28@CAK, <>6=> 1C45B ;CGH5 C7=0BL ?@54?>;0305<>3> 2@030 8 ?@83>B>28BL ?@>B82 =53> >@C685, A8;L=>5 ?@>B82>O485.

B:C40 27O;0AL 28@CA=0O 70@070 2 =B0@:B845, CG5=K5 ?>:0 =5 7=0NB. >;LH8=AB2> 8AA;54>20B5;59 ?@54?>;030NB, GB> 2> ;L40E <0B5@8:0 <>3;8 A>E@0=8BLAO 4>8AB>@8G5A:85 D>@

(8E08; "0@0=>2, , 36, 2008)

!

=B0@:B840 1K;0 >B:@KB0 2 18203. ?5@2>9 @CAA:>9 0=B0@:B8G5A:>9 M:A?548F859 ?>4 @C:>2>4AB2>< $.$.5;;8=A30C75=0 8 ..070@520 =0 H;N?0E ">AB>:" 8 "8@=K9". 8N=5 1819 3>40 :0?8B0=0 2-3> @0=30 $0445O 5;;8=A30C75=0 =07=0G8;8 :><0=48@>< B@5E<0GB>2>3> ?0@CA=>3> H;N?0 ">AB>:" 8 =0G0;L=8:>< M:A?548F88 4;O ?>8A:>2 H5AB>3> :>=B8=5=B0, >@30=87>20==>9 A >4>1@5=8O ;5:A0=4@0 I. 0?8B0=>< 2B>@>3> H;N?0 "8@=K9" 1K; >?@545;5= <>;>4>9 ;59B5=0=B 8E08; 070@52.

15 8N;O 1819 3>40 AC40 2KH;8 87 @>=HB04B0. 27 O=20@O 1820 3>40 :>@01;8 5;;8=A30C75=0 8 070@520 2 @09>=5 5@530 @8=F5AAK 0@BK ?>4>H;8 : =58725AB=><0B5@8:C". -B8< 4=5< 40B8@C5BAO >B:@KB85 =B0@:B84K.

I5 B@864K 2 MB> ;5B> >=8 ?5@5A5:0;8 .6=K9 ?>;O@=K9 :@C3, 2 =0G0;5 D52@0;O 2=>2L ?@81;878;8AL : =B0@:B845 C 5@530 @8=F5AAK AB@84, => 87-70 A=56=>9 ?>3>4K =5 A<>3;8 53> E>@>H> @0AA<>B@5BL. <0@B5 1820 3>40, :>340 ?;020=85 C 15@53>2 <0B5@8:0 87-70 A:>?;5=8O ;L4>2 AB0;> =52>7<>6=K<, AC40 ?> 4>3>2>@5==>AB8 @07;CG8;8AL, GB>1K 2AB@5B8BLAO 2 ?>@BC 65:A>= (=K=5 !84=59). 5;;8=A30C75= 8 070@52 >B?@028;8AL BC40 @07=K<8 <0@H@CB0<8.

K;8 ?@>872545=K B>G=K5 AJ5<:8 0@E8?5;030 "C0<>BC, >1=0@C65= @O4 >18B05;;>2. =>O1@5 1820 3>40 :>@01;8 2B>@8G=> =0?@028;8AL 2 =B0@:B84C, >1>3=C2 55 A> AB>@>=K "8E>3> >:50=0. K;8 >B:@KBK >AB@>20 (8H:>20, >@428=>20, 5B@0 5;8:>3>, 5<;O ;5:A0=4@0 I.

10 D52@0;O 1821 3>40, :>340 2KOA=8;>AL, GB> H;N? ">AB>:" 40; B5GL, 5;;8=A30C75= ?>25@=C; =0 A525@ 8 G5@57 8>-45-0=59@> 8 8AA01>= 5 023CAB0 1821 3>40 ?@81K; 2 @>=HB04B, 7025@H82 A2>5 2B>@>5 :@C3>A25B=>5 ?;020=85. #G0AB=8:8 M:A?548F88 ?@>1K;8 2 ?;020=88 751 45=L, ?@>H;8 1>;55 92 BKAOG :8;><5B@>2. K;8 >B:@KBK 29 >AB@>2>2 8 >48= :>@0;;>2K9 @8D.

( ">2>AB8")

!59G0A =B0@:B8:0 - 2A5<8@=K9 ?@8@>4=K9 70?>254=8:. !>3;0A=> 4>3>2>@C >1 =B0@:B8:5 >B 1 45:01@O 1959 3>40 :0: =B0@:B8:0 2 F5;><, B0: 8 A0< 0=B0@:B8G5A:89 <0B5@8: =5 <>3CB ?@8=04;568BL =8 >4=>AC40@AB2C, 8A?>;L7CNBAO B>;L:> 2 <8@=KE F5;OE, 8AA;54>20B5;8 8<5NB 4>ABC? 2 ;N1CN B>G:C =B0@:B8:8 8 ?@02> 4>ABC?0 : 8=D>@<0F88, 4>1KB>9 8AA;54>20B5;O<8 4@C38E AB@0=.

0 A>1;N45=85< ?>;>65=89 4>3>2>@0 A;548B !5:@5B0@80B 4>3>2>@0 ?> =B0@:B8:5, 2 :>B>@K9 2E>4OB ?@54AB028B5;8 45 3>AC40@AB2. 04@84A:89 ?@>B>:>; 1991 70?@5I05B ?@>872>4AB25==CN 45OB5;L=>ABL 8 4>1KGC ?>;57=KE 8A:>?0520B5;LA:CN 45OB5;L=>ABL 2 =B0@:B845 :>>@48=8@C5B 0CG=K9 :><8B5B 0=B0@:B8G5A:8E 8AA;54>20=89.

%>B8B5 - 25@LB5, E>B8B5 - A><=5209B5AL!